What Is Vertigo?

Vertigo is the sensation of spinning or rocking while being perfectly still. Unlike general dizziness, vertigo specifically involves a false sense of motion and often lasts for several hours or days. It is typically caused by issues in the inner ear. A critical part of the inner ear is the semicircular canals, which are lined with cells that function like a gyroscope to help maintain balance and spatial orientation.

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Causes and Risk Factors for Vertigo

Vertigo can stem from either central or peripheral causes. Central causes involve the brain or spinal cord, while peripheral causes relate to problems in the inner ear. One common peripheral cause is benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), which occurs when small crystals in the inner ear become displaced, irritating the semicircular canals. Meniere’s disease, involving fluid buildup in the inner ear, can also trigger vertigo.

Other contributing factors include migraines, head injuries, strokes, tumors, and multiple sclerosis. Certain medications—such as antidepressants, aspirin, anti-seizure drugs, and those for high blood pressure—can induce vertigo. Additionally, alcohol consumption can be a trigger for some individuals.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosing vertigo typically begins with a detailed medical history and a physical examination. A neurological exam is conducted to assess brain function and determine whether the issue is central or peripheral. Eye movement abnormalities may help identify the cause. Specific diagnostic tests such as the Dix-Hallpike or roll test are used to provoke and observe symptoms. Imaging studies like CT scans or MRIs may be required to rule out structural brain issues. In some cases, electronystagmography may be performed.

For peripheral vertigo, one of the most effective treatments is the canalith repositioning procedure, also known as the Epley maneuver. This technique uses precise head movements to reposition displaced inner ear crystals. Cawthorne head exercises, which involve systematic head and eye movements, are also beneficial in reducing nerve sensitivity and improving symptoms. These therapies are best guided by a trained physical therapist. While medications such as meclizine can help alleviate symptoms, they do not provide a cure.

The Prognosis

Most individuals with peripheral vertigo respond well to treatment. The Epley maneuver is highly effective, with success rates of up to 90% for BPPV. Although recurrence within the first year can occur in over 15% of patients, persistent vertigo is uncommon. If symptoms continue, further evaluation may be needed to identify underlying structural problems in the brain, spine, or inner ear.

Get Help for Vertigo

If you’re feeling dizzy with a false sense of motion, vertigo might be the cause. Our certified physical therapists in Greenwood, IN, specialize in treating vertigo using the Epley maneuver and Cawthorne exercises. They can also teach you how to perform these movements at home. Contact us today to schedule a personalized consultation and begin your path to relief.